As copper is the largest single component by weight in electronic waste (e-waste), its recovery represents a significant opportunity to divert valuable materials from landfills and reduce environmental impact. This presentation explores the journey of copper within the e-waste recycling landscape, highlighting various process flowsheets utilized by companies to extract copper and concentrate precious metals. Traditionally, smelters have been central to recycling, handling an increasing volume of e-waste globally. This growth is positive, but not all organizations choose the smelting route. Drawing on our collaboration with multiple partners around the globe, we will discuss their decision-making processes for adopting a hydrometallurgical approach, delving into the motivations, challenges, and benefits that influenced their choices. These companies offer valuable insights into why some are opting for localized, end-to-end e-waste processing instead of relying on large smelters. This approach aligns with the vision of maximizing metal recovery from e-waste while retaining materials locally, reducing transportation emissions, and supporting sustainable practices within regional economies. This session will provide practical insights for e-waste recyclers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders aiming to develop more resilient and sustainable recycling infrastructures.